African violet, scientifically known as Saintpaulia spp., is a popular genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. Native to the cloud forests of eastern tropical Africa, particularly Tanzania and Kenya, these plants have become one of the most beloved indoor plants around the world due to their beautiful, velvety leaves and vibrant, long-lasting flowers.
Originating from the cloud forests of East Africa, these charming plants have found a special place in homes around the world. Growing and caring for African violets indoors requires attention to specific needs, but the rewards are well worth the effort.
Characteristics
1. Flower Structure: African violets are admired for their small, symmetrical flowers, which can be single, semi-double, or double in form. The flowers come in a wide range of colors, including shades of purple, blue, pink, red, white, and bi-colored varieties. The flowers are typically 1-2 inches in diameter and are often seen blooming throughout the year under the right conditions.
2. Leaf Appearance: The leaves of African violets are oval to heart-shaped, with a slightly fuzzy texture due to tiny hairs on their surface. They are usually a deep green color, although some varieties may have variegated patterns with white or cream edges. The leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant, creating a dense, lush appearance.
3. Growth Habit: African violets are compact, low-growing plants that typically reach a height of 6 to 9 inches. They have a shallow root system, which makes them well-suited for small pots and indoor environments.
| Common Name | African violet |
| Botanical Name | Saintpaulia ionantha |
| Family | Gesneriaceae |
| Plant Type | Perennial |
| Mature Size | 6-9 in. tall, 6-9 in. wide |
| Sun Exposure | Partial |
| Soil Type | Well-drained but moist |
| Soil pH | Acidic, neutral |
| Bloom Time | Spring, summer, fall, and winter |
| Flower Color | White, pink, red, blue, and purple |
| Hardiness Zones | 11-12 (USDA) |
| Native Areas | Africa |
Types of African Violets
- Standard African Violets: Typical size (8–16 inches in diameter), with a variety of flower colors and forms.
- Miniature and Semi-Miniature: smaller types (under 8 inches), known for their compact size and vibrant blooms.
- Trailing African Violets grow with multiple crowns, are ideal for hanging baskets, and are known for their spreading growth habit.
- Chimera African Violets: unique striped or banded flower patterns due to a genetic mutation, requiring specific propagation methods.
- Fantasy African Violets: Feature flowers with streaks, spots, or splashes of contrasting colors, adding a whimsical look.
- Variegated African Violets: Distinguished by leaves with patterns of white, cream, pink, or yellow mixed with green.
Care
Pot and Soil
- Pot Selection: African violets thrive best in small pots. A pot that is too large can retain extra moisture, resulting in root rot. Opt for a pot that is about one-third the size of the plant’s leaf spread. Clay or plastic pots with drainage holes are ideal.
- Soil Requirements: African violets require a well-draining soil mix. Regular garden dirt is excessively heavy and may choke the roots. Instead, use a specialized African violet potting mix or make your own by mixing equal parts of peat moss, vermiculite, and perlite. This combination guarantees that the soil maintains moisture without getting saturated.
Light Conditions
- Lighting Needs: African violets prefer bright, indirect light. Too much direct sunlight can scorch the leaves, while too little light can hinder blooming. Use fluorescent grow lights if there is not enough natural light. Keep the lights about 12 inches above the plants for 12–14 hours a day to mimic their natural environment.
- Rotating the Plant: To ensure even growth, rotate your African violet regularly. This prevents the plant from leaning towards the light source and encourages uniform foliage.
Watering Techniques
- Water Quality: African violets are sensitive to the type of water used. It’s best to use room-temperature water that has been allowed to sit for 24 hours, which helps dissipate chlorine and other chemicals. Rainwater, or distilled water, is also an excellent choice.
- Watering Method: Avoid getting water on the leaves, as this can cause spotting or fungal diseases. The best method is to water from the bottom by placing the pot in a saucer of water for about 30 minutes. This allows the roots to absorb moisture without overwatering. Alternatively, use a watering can with a long, narrow spout to water directly at the soil surface.
- Watering Frequency: African violets prefer to stay slightly moist but never soggy. When the top inch of soil appears dry to the touch, water the plant. Overwatering can lead to root rot, while underwatering can cause the leaves to wilt and the plant to stop blooming.
Humidity and Temperature
- Humidity: African violets thrive in a humid environment, ideally around 50–60% humidity. If your home is dry, especially during winter, consider placing a humidity tray under the plant or grouping it with other plants to increase moisture in the air. Misting the air around the plant (not the leaves) can also help.
- Temperature: These plants prefer a consistent temperature between 65°F and 75°F (18°C to 24°C). Avoid placing them near drafts, air conditioners, or heating vents, as sudden temperature changes can stress the plant and affect blooming.
Fertilizing
- Fertilizer Type: African violets benefit from regular feeding with a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer, preferably one that is specifically formulated for them. Look for a fertilizer with a balanced ratio, such as 14-12-14 or 20-20-20.
- Fertilizing Frequency: Feed your African violet every 4 to 6 weeks during the growing season (spring and summer). When the plant’s growth slows down in the fall and winter, cut back on feeding. Over-fertilization can cause salt buildup in the soil, which is harmful to the roots.
Pruning and Grooming
- Removing Dead Leaves and Flowers: Regularly remove dead or yellowing leaves and spent flowers to encourage new growth and prevent disease. Gently pinch or cut the stems close to the base of the plant.
- Crown Thinning: If your African violet becomes too dense in the center, it can benefit from a little thinning. Remove a few of the inner leaves to improve air circulation and light penetration.
Repotting
- When to Repot: African violets should be repotted every 6 to 12 months, or when the plant outgrows its current pot. When the plant starts to get top-heavy or roots are emerging from the drainage holes, it’s time to repot it.
- How to repot: Gently remove the plant from its pot, being careful not to damage the roots. Shake off the old soil and remove any dead or decaying roots. Place the plant in a slightly larger pot with a fresh soil mix, and water lightly to settle the soil.
Common Problems and Solutions
- Yellowing Leaves: Yellow leaves may suggest overwatering, inadequate drainage, or a lack of nutrients. Check the soil moisture and adjust your watering schedule. Ensure the pot has adequate drainage and consider feeding the plant if it hasn’t been fertilized recently.
- No Blooms: If your African violet isn’t blooming, it may be due to insufficient light, an incorrect temperature, or a lack of nutrients. Ensure the plant is getting enough indirect light and is kept in a warm environment. Regular feeding can also encourage blooming.
- Powdery Mildew: This fungal disease appears as a white powder on the leaves and is usually a sign of high humidity and poor air circulation. Improve ventilation around the plant and reduce humidity. As a last option, fungicidal sprays might be applied.
African violets are a perfect choice for indoor gardening enthusiasts, offering year-round beauty with minimal space requirements. With the right care, these charming plants can bring a touch of nature and elegance to any home. Whether you’re a seasoned plant lover or a beginner, African violets are sure to brighten your living space with their stunning flowers and lush folia.